Impact pressure of waves generated by landslides on bank slopes

Impulse waves that are generated by landslides in narrow reservoir areas threaten the stability of buildings and bank slopes. To discuss the action process and evolution law of the wave pressure on bank slopes, a three-dimensional physical model test that considers impulse waves generated by landslides was performed, and factors including landslide width, thickness, slope angles of the sliding surface, and bank slope angle were considered. Based on wave forms on the bank slopes, wave pressure curve characteristics, and peak value, the action process of wave pressure could be divided into the following stages: maximum pulsating pressure stage, wave impact stage (when waves break), and stationary pulsation stage. It was found that wave breaking is dependent on the value of the surf similarity parameter ξ. The distribution pattern of impact pressure decays linearly on both sides of the maximum impact pressure point, and the attenuation degree decreases when it attains 40% of the maximum value. Thus, it is proposed that the prediction formula for the maximum effective impact pressure of the bank slope be related to the reciprocal of wave steepness, relative water depth, and slope rate. The prediction formula provides strong theoretical support for early safety warning and for predicting the bank slope under impulse waves generated by landslides.