Morphological, biochemical, and anatomical variations in Allium stracheyi (Baker) along an elevational gradient

Allium stracheyi (Baker) is widely utilized as a culinary herb and is typically encountered in the higher elevations of the Himalayas. Consequently, it is of great significance to compare the ecological adaptability of this indigenous species to alternative habitats and its introduction into new environments. This research aims to investigate and gain a comprehensive understanding of A. stracheyi, also known as faran, in Uttarakhand region. We aim to examine how this plant adapts morphologically, physiologically, biochemically, and anatomically to varying elevations, specifically at 550, 2200, 2460, and 3400 m above mean sea level (m AMSL). This plant demonstrated remarkable morphophysiological adjustments across various aspects of its development, encompassing modified growth patterns, alterations in leaf dimensions, leaf count, etc.. Moreover, biochemical adaptations have been identified as pivotal in bolstering the plant resilience to the stress associated with higher elevation. Enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) exhibited significant responsiveness to elevational variations, contributing to the plant's ability to confront the challenges posed by high-elevational conditions. In terms of anatomy, the plant manifested alterations in its leaf and vascular tissues along the elevational gradient. These modifications involve an increased density of stomata and a greater count of vascular bundles, optimizing gas exchange and adaptation to water stress in frequently encountered harsh environmental conditions at higher elevations. Understanding the adaptive mechanisms employed by A. stracheyi provides valuable insights, especially in forecasting how A. stracheyi might respond to global climate change, particularly in regions affected by habitat fragmentation.